Victor Appay is Director of the INSERM unit, Vulnerability and Ageing of the Immune System, in the ImmunoConcept laboratory in Bordeaux, France. He has been working at the intersection of fundamental and clinical HIV research for the past 25 years. He has developed strong expertise and led research projects concentrating on human immunology and HIV pathogenesis. His research has yielded results on the importance of HIV-specific T cell quality in controlling HIV replication. He has also been a pioneer in the field by demonstrating the role of immune activation in the development of premature immune ageing in people living with HIV and its relevance for HIV disease progression and immune reconstitution upon antiretroviral therapy initiation. In parallel with his research activity, he has been involved in several HIV scientific advisory committees for ANRS, Sidaction and the IAS.